DUNIA KITA

 This chapter differentiates between discourse analysis and critical discourse analysis, and reviews the impact and possible uses of both for translation studies. Its key notions are text and genre, and its key areas of investigation are the analysis and description of different genres, text structure and composition, text grammar and text semantics. CDA is interested in how discourse constructs and reflects sociopolitical issues, how discourse reproduces social relations and the performance and negotiation of power, and how ideologies are encoded in discourse. Topics range from gendered discourse and heteronormatively, stereotyping, othering or racist discourse towards the discursive incriptions of socioeconomic conditions, e.g. in view of globalization, poverty or economic crisis. CDA, in turn, has emphasized the role of cognition in theorizing the relation between discourse and context, and the role of metaphor in discourse, especially concerning the potential of pervasive metaphors

The interpreter carries out a transfer practice which is a crucial part of the communication and upon which the meaning shared between speaker and audience ultimately depends. Strictly speaking the interpreter is not a listener but a 2 co-speaker who must appropriate the oral message in its entirety, picking up on all the aspects of the speaker's message, comprehending the content of the discourse and the meaning behind the act of speech, and also remaining receptive to any indications which may be spontaneously produced. The interpretation process: From speaker to interpreter, or active comprehension During the act of interpreting, these pre-existing circumstances offer resources which the interpreter calls upon and applies to the utterance in context, combining his/her comprehension of the discourse with his/her assessment of the relevance of the codified or spontaneous non-verbal components which appear alongside it. As Chernov has it, the interpreter's anticipation is base

 Definitions Linguistics is the academic discipline that focuses on languages, and since translation can be seen, in Catford's words as "An operation performed on languages", many scholars interested in translation and interpreting have looked to linguistics for theoretical input. Are there universals of translation? One of the major debates in modern Translation Studies has centred on the relationship between norms and universals in Translation Studies. For example: there is an almost general tendency - irrespective of the translator's identity, language, genre, period, and the like - to explicate in the translation information that is only implicit in the original text Explicitation is one of the phenomena referred to by Baker, who defines translation universals as "Features which typically occur in translated text rather than original utterances and which are not the result of interference from specific linguistic systems". As for translation universals,

Blum-Kulka and Levenston suggest that lexical simplification is typical of translations, and Vinay and Darbelnet make many generalizations about the translation process, including the assertion that the TT is normally longer than the ST. It is with the advent of large computerized databases and readilyavailable tools that these hypotheses could actually be tested on large amounts of text. Audiovisual Translation Even more dramatic developments in translation studies have occurred in the field of audiovisual translation, most notably subtitling. Though Katharina Reiss had included what she had termed an „audio-medial‟ text type, she had scarcely developed it, and indeed her definition seemed to refer more to fields such as advertising rather than film and documentary translation. His findings are rather restricted and perhaps typical of the time in which he conducted the research: his first finding is that „it is feasible to study audiovisual translation within the scope of translation

 These strategies concern both the choice of text to translate and the translation method. Foreignization, on the other hand, 'entails choosing a foreign text and developing a translation method along lines which are excluded by dominant cultural values in the target language'. What does not change is that domestication and foreignization deal with 'the question of how much a translation assimilates a foreign text to the translating language and culture, and how much it rather signals the differences of that text'. García Márquez's translator Edith Grossman, in her new, American translation of the classic Don Quixote, also declares that 'the essential challenge of translation [is] hearing, in the most profound way I can, the text in Spanish and discovering the voice to say the text again in English'. For Levine, adopting a feminist and poststructuralist view of the translator's work, the language of translation also plays an ideological role: A translati

 Chapter 12 NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKER TEACHERS (NESTS) AND NON-NATIVE ENGLISHS PEAKER TEACHERS (NNESTS) IN INDONESIA: PREFERENCE AND DILEMMA  There are still many people who still look down on non-native speakers because they think that non-native English teachers are not good at accents and are less fluent in speaking than native English speakers. Even though any English teacher is not a benchmark in determining the ideal teacher where every native and non-native English teacher has their advantages and disadvantages, such as non-native teachers are more creative in teaching because they have experience as Learners and can explain to students in two ways. languages, such as native language and target language. It would be better if native speaker and non native speaker teachers collaborated in teaching each other because it would create ideal learning. However, one of the obstacles to this collaboration is that most schools in Indonesia have financial difficulties, so they cannot aff

  CHAPTER 7 Cultural And Ideological Turns Culture turns is one in which the study of translation is moving towards the analysis of translation but from a cultural point of view there are 3 areas where cultural studies can influence translation.  1. Translation as Rewriting  Translation is the most obviously recognizable type of rewriting, and . . . it is possible  the most influential because it is able to project the image of an author and/or those  works beyond the boundaries of their culture of origin. (Lefevere 1992a:9)  There are three factors described by Lefevere, namely: Professionalism in the literary system, Patronage outside the dominant literary and poetic system.  There are two components in dominant poetry:  (a) Literary devices: These include the range of genres, symbols, leitmotifs and prototypical  situations and characters.  (b) The concept of the role of literature: This is the relation of literature to the social system in  which it exists  2. Translation And

 Chapter 6 Discourse and Register Analysis Approaches A. The Hallidayan Model of language and discourse which comprises three variable elements: 1) field: what is being written about, example : a delivery of goods; 2) tenor: who is communicating and to whom, example:  a sales representative to a customer; 3) mode: the form of communication, example:  written. B. House’s Model of Translation Quality Assessment House‟s model operates as follows: (1) A profile is produced of the ST register. (2) To this is added a description of the ST genre realized by the register. (3) Together, this allows a statement of function to be made for the ST, including the ideational and interpersonal component of that function (in other words, what information is being conveyed and what the relationship is between sender and receiver). (4) The same descriptive process is then carried out for the TT. (5) The TT profile is compared to the ST profile and a statement of mismatches orr errors is produced, categor

 Chapter 5 Studying Translation Product and Process A. Vinay and Darbelnet’s Model The two strategies comprise seven procedures: 1. Borrowing : The SL word is transferred directly to the TL. 2. Calque : SL expression or structure is transferred in a literal translation. 3. Literal Translation : this is word for word translation. 4. Transposition : change of one part of speech for another without changing the sense. 5. Modulation : This changes the semantics and point of view of the SL 6. Equivalence :describe the same situation by different stylistic or structural means. 7. Adaptation : when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture

 Chapter 4 Text, Genre and Discourse Shifts in Translation A. Translation Shifts John Catforddefinition of shifts is departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL.  A. formal correspondent  is defined by Catford as „any TL category (unit, class, structure, element of structure, etc.) which can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the “same” place in the “economy” of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL.  A textual equivalent is defined as „any TL text or portion of text which is observed to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text. 1. direct translation, which covers borrowing, calque and literal translation, and 2. oblique translation, which is transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation.

 Chapter 3 Equivalence and Relevance A. Dynamic Equivalence and the Receptor of the Message   In this unit, the discussion of equivalence is focused on meaning and its definition in terms of broader contextual categories such as culture and audience in both Source Text and Target Text. 1. Formal Equivalence This attitude to translatability and comprehensibility has given rise to dynamic equivalence, a translation method that may helpfully be seen in terms of its counterpart – formal equivalence. This is a relationship which involves the purely ‘formal’ replacement of one word or phrase in the SL by another in the TL. According to Nida, this is not the same as literal translation, and the two terms must therefore be kept distinct.  2. Dynamic Equivalence a contextually motivated method of translation. The aim in this kind of adherence to form would be to bring the target reader nearer to the linguistic or cultural preferences of the ST. 3. Adjusment move away from form-by-form rendering

 Chapter 2 Translation Strategies and the analysis of meaning A. Translation Strategies According to Roman Jakobson, "All cognitive experience and it's classification is conveyable in any existing language." (Jakobson 1959:238) According to Roman, only poetry cannot be translated because it is in the form of poetry where the word form in the poem contributes to the construction of the meaning of the text. The sense may be translated, where the form often cannot. Literal and Free Where translating word for word and free of origin does not differ from meaning. B. The Analysis of Meaning  Referential meaning (denotation) which related to word as sign or symbol and Connotative Meaning (connotation) the emotional reaction caused to the reader by word.

  Chapter 1 Main Issues In Translation Studies A. Concept of Translation     Is an action or Process in changing one language into another language. The Process can convert an original or source text into the target text. Roman Jakobson said three types of Translation,namely: 1. Intralingual Translation , translating From one language Into the same language.  2. Interlingual Translation, translating from one language Into another.  3. Intersemiotic Translation, translating From verbal Signs into non verbal signs.  B. Key concept in Translation  1. Acceptability, an acceptable Translation must still refer to the norms and grammar both from the source language into the target language. 2. Accuracy, where the result of Translation must be accurate both from work, speech or the entire text. 3. Adaptation, which prioritizes situational context and culture references in the target text and native language. 4. Adequacy, which is related to the translation Process, especially the balance betwe