DUNIA KITA

  CHAPTER 7 Cultural And Ideological Turns Culture turns is one in which the study of translation is moving towards the analysis of translation but from a cultural point of view there are 3 areas where cultural studies can influence translation.  1. Translation as Rewriting  Translation is the most obviously recognizable type of rewriting, and . . . it is possible  the most influential because it is able to project the image of an author and/or those  works beyond the boundaries of their culture of origin. (Lefevere 1992a:9)  There are three factors described by Lefevere, namely: Professionalism in the literary system, Patronage outside the dominant literary and poetic system.  There are two components in dominant poetry:  (a) Literary devices: These include the range of genres, symbols, leitmotifs and prototypical  situations and characters.  (b) The concept of the role of literature: This is the relation of literature to the social system in  which it exists  2. Translation And

 Chapter 6 Discourse and Register Analysis Approaches A. The Hallidayan Model of language and discourse which comprises three variable elements: 1) field: what is being written about, example : a delivery of goods; 2) tenor: who is communicating and to whom, example:  a sales representative to a customer; 3) mode: the form of communication, example:  written. B. House’s Model of Translation Quality Assessment House‟s model operates as follows: (1) A profile is produced of the ST register. (2) To this is added a description of the ST genre realized by the register. (3) Together, this allows a statement of function to be made for the ST, including the ideational and interpersonal component of that function (in other words, what information is being conveyed and what the relationship is between sender and receiver). (4) The same descriptive process is then carried out for the TT. (5) The TT profile is compared to the ST profile and a statement of mismatches orr errors is produced, categor

 Chapter 5 Studying Translation Product and Process A. Vinay and Darbelnet’s Model The two strategies comprise seven procedures: 1. Borrowing : The SL word is transferred directly to the TL. 2. Calque : SL expression or structure is transferred in a literal translation. 3. Literal Translation : this is word for word translation. 4. Transposition : change of one part of speech for another without changing the sense. 5. Modulation : This changes the semantics and point of view of the SL 6. Equivalence :describe the same situation by different stylistic or structural means. 7. Adaptation : when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture

 Chapter 4 Text, Genre and Discourse Shifts in Translation A. Translation Shifts John Catforddefinition of shifts is departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL.  A. formal correspondent  is defined by Catford as „any TL category (unit, class, structure, element of structure, etc.) which can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the “same” place in the “economy” of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL.  A textual equivalent is defined as „any TL text or portion of text which is observed to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text. 1. direct translation, which covers borrowing, calque and literal translation, and 2. oblique translation, which is transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation.

 Chapter 3 Equivalence and Relevance A. Dynamic Equivalence and the Receptor of the Message   In this unit, the discussion of equivalence is focused on meaning and its definition in terms of broader contextual categories such as culture and audience in both Source Text and Target Text. 1. Formal Equivalence This attitude to translatability and comprehensibility has given rise to dynamic equivalence, a translation method that may helpfully be seen in terms of its counterpart – formal equivalence. This is a relationship which involves the purely ‘formal’ replacement of one word or phrase in the SL by another in the TL. According to Nida, this is not the same as literal translation, and the two terms must therefore be kept distinct.  2. Dynamic Equivalence a contextually motivated method of translation. The aim in this kind of adherence to form would be to bring the target reader nearer to the linguistic or cultural preferences of the ST. 3. Adjusment move away from form-by-form rendering

 Chapter 2 Translation Strategies and the analysis of meaning A. Translation Strategies According to Roman Jakobson, "All cognitive experience and it's classification is conveyable in any existing language." (Jakobson 1959:238) According to Roman, only poetry cannot be translated because it is in the form of poetry where the word form in the poem contributes to the construction of the meaning of the text. The sense may be translated, where the form often cannot. Literal and Free Where translating word for word and free of origin does not differ from meaning. B. The Analysis of Meaning  Referential meaning (denotation) which related to word as sign or symbol and Connotative Meaning (connotation) the emotional reaction caused to the reader by word.

  Chapter 1 Main Issues In Translation Studies A. Concept of Translation     Is an action or Process in changing one language into another language. The Process can convert an original or source text into the target text. Roman Jakobson said three types of Translation,namely: 1. Intralingual Translation , translating From one language Into the same language.  2. Interlingual Translation, translating from one language Into another.  3. Intersemiotic Translation, translating From verbal Signs into non verbal signs.  B. Key concept in Translation  1. Acceptability, an acceptable Translation must still refer to the norms and grammar both from the source language into the target language. 2. Accuracy, where the result of Translation must be accurate both from work, speech or the entire text. 3. Adaptation, which prioritizes situational context and culture references in the target text and native language. 4. Adequacy, which is related to the translation Process, especially the balance betwe