DUNIA KITA

 Chapter 6 Discourse and Register Analysis Approaches A. The Hallidayan Model of language and discourse which comprises three variable elements: 1) field: what is being written about, example : a delivery of goods; 2) tenor: who is communicating and to whom, example:  a sales representative to a customer; 3) mode: the form of communication, example:  written. B. House’s Model of Translation Quality Assessment House‟s model operates as follows: (1) A profile is produced of the ST register. (2) To this is added a description of the ST genre realized by the register. (3) Together, this allows a statement of function to be made for the ST, including the ideational and interpersonal component of that function (in other words, what information is being conveyed and what the relationship is between sender and receiver). (4) The same descriptive process is then carried out for the TT. (5) The TT profile is compared to the ST profile and a statement of mismatches orr errors is pro...

 Chapter 5 Studying Translation Product and Process A. Vinay and Darbelnet’s Model The two strategies comprise seven procedures: 1. Borrowing : The SL word is transferred directly to the TL. 2. Calque : SL expression or structure is transferred in a literal translation. 3. Literal Translation : this is word for word translation. 4. Transposition : change of one part of speech for another without changing the sense. 5. Modulation : This changes the semantics and point of view of the SL 6. Equivalence :describe the same situation by different stylistic or structural means. 7. Adaptation : when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture

 Chapter 4 Text, Genre and Discourse Shifts in Translation A. Translation Shifts John Catforddefinition of shifts is departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL.  A. formal correspondent  is defined by Catford as „any TL category (unit, class, structure, element of structure, etc.) which can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the “same” place in the “economy” of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL.  A textual equivalent is defined as „any TL text or portion of text which is observed to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text. 1. direct translation, which covers borrowing, calque and literal translation, and 2. oblique translation, which is transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation.

 Chapter 3 Equivalence and Relevance A. Dynamic Equivalence and the Receptor of the Message   In this unit, the discussion of equivalence is focused on meaning and its definition in terms of broader contextual categories such as culture and audience in both Source Text and Target Text. 1. Formal Equivalence This attitude to translatability and comprehensibility has given rise to dynamic equivalence, a translation method that may helpfully be seen in terms of its counterpart – formal equivalence. This is a relationship which involves the purely ‘formal’ replacement of one word or phrase in the SL by another in the TL. According to Nida, this is not the same as literal translation, and the two terms must therefore be kept distinct.  2. Dynamic Equivalence a contextually motivated method of translation. The aim in this kind of adherence to form would be to bring the target reader nearer to the linguistic or cultural preferences of the ST. 3. Adjusment move away from form-by-...