Chapter 10 :The Nature of Language, Translation and Interpreting

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 Definitions Linguistics is the academic discipline that focuses on languages, and since translation can be seen, in Catford's words as "An operation performed on languages", many scholars interested in translation and interpreting have looked to linguistics for theoretical input. Are there universals of translation? One of the major debates in modern Translation Studies has centred on the relationship between norms and universals in Translation Studies.

For example: there is an almost general tendency - irrespective of the translator's identity, language, genre, period, and the like - to explicate in the translation information that is only implicit in the original text Explicitation is one of the phenomena referred to by Baker, who defines translation universals as "Features which typically occur in translated text rather than original utterances and which are not the result of interference from specific linguistic systems".

As for translation universals, Baker's original definition of translation universals as features that typically occur in translated texts suggests a social explanation of their existence whereas the notion that they are not the result of features of the languages involved at least hints at a cognitive source and explanation of translation universals. Translation Studies is comparison between source and target texts, a tradition which, according to Gellerstam, dates back to the third century AD. The comparison can be undertaken by way of what Lindquist refers to as parallel reading, that is, reading "The SL text in parallel with the TL text, noting anything that is remarkable, and then to list deficiencies of all kinds". suggested by Malmkjær and mentioned in the section on core issues and topics above, House makes an impassioned "Plea for a new linguistic-cognitive orientation" in Translation Studies, to balance the "Predominance of cultural, social, ideological and personal concerns" that she perceives in Translation Studies and which, she considers, is in danger of ignoring "The essence of translation" to the detriment of any enhanced understanding of translated text.

Munday examines the use of reporting verbs, and hypothesises that the intensity of engagement and attitude that source text reporting verbs can convey tends to be downgraded in translations, while Steiner calls for further studies of cohesion in texts and their translations.

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